Keyword: «peter i»

The article reveals the features of the initial period in the process of formation of theoretical views on the institution of criminal punishment in Russia. It is noted that the origins of Russian legal thought on this matter should be referred to the related reasoning of Peter I in his interpretations of legal acts texts. The study of this problem was gradually becoming more active since the second half of the XVIII century, it was reflected in the "Mandate" of Catherine II, the works of S. E. Desnitsky, A. N. Radishchev and other thinkers who were more philosophical than legal in nature and bore the imprint of European culture. The full-fledged scientific works of Russian jurists appeared at the beginning of the nineteenth century (I. E. Neuman, O. G. Goreglyad, L. A. Tsvetaev, and others), where the research subject on various aspects of criminal punishment was expanded. In general, the ideas developed at that time are still relevant and form the basis of modern concepts about criminal punishment in the sphere of legal relations.

The article discusses the process of emergence of assistance to orphans in Russia. The author traces changes in the forms of assistance to children left without parental care, the emergence of new paradigms of assistance and their development in historical retrospect. From the intra-clan assistance of the Slavic tribes, to Peter I, who laid the foundations for state assistance to children, and Catherine II, under whom it finally took shape. The activity of the Moscow Imperial Orphanage is considered. It is a unique institution for orphans for its time. The maintenance of children in it included not only food and clothing, but also teaching them the craft.