Tatyana Babarikina«Практически владеть иностранным языком – это значит пользоваться в процессе речевого общения с другими людьми иноязычными средствами, в результате чего получается речь на иностранном языке» [1]. Говорение – один из видов речевой деятельности, имеющий такие специфические признаки, как мотивированность, активность, целенаправленность, связь с деятельностью, связь с коммуникативной функцией мышления, связь с личностью, ситуативность, эвристичность, самостоятельность и темп [2].
В данной статье предлагается комплекс упражнений, направленный на отработку навыка монологической и диалогической речи.
Прежде всего, на наш взгляд, необходимо освоить речевые модели, помогающие структурировать речь. В статье предлагаются варианты, как инициировать диалог, как выразить просьбу, внести предложение, реагировать на реплики, выражая согласие или несогласие, как высказать свое мнение и сделать выбор. Освоение данных клише поможет оформить речевое высказывание говорящего. Обратимся к примерам:
- 1. Как инициировать диалог
- There are several possibilities for…. / So, we have to… / Let’s talk about……first, shall we?
- What do you think? What shall we do first?
- 2. Как выразить просьбу / Реагировать на просьбу
- Excuse me. Can I ask you a personal question? – Of course, go ahead / Would you mind if I ask you…..
- I’d also like to know some information about……
- Could you tell me about……..?
- Could I have a …..Could you take this….. to…., please? / Would you mind +Ving ? / Is it all right if …..? Could you possibly……. ? / Would it be possible to ………?
- OK / Yes, sure / Yes, certainly / Yes, of course / Yes, I’ll do that / I’m sorry, but…..
- Thank you. – You’re welcome.
- 3. Как внести предложение
- Why don’t we do this? / How about …+Ving? / What about…+ Ving ?
- Let’s do this / Let’s decide about…first, shall we?
- What do you think…? / Do you think we should…?
- Perhaps we should… / What shall we do first? / So, what do you think we should do……..?
- How do you feel about this?
- It’d be a good idea if we… / What would be really great is if we… / It’s about time we…
- OK, let’s do that / Why don’t we both do that?
- 4. Как согласиться или не согласиться с чьим-то предложением
- That’s a good point / I absolutely agree / You’re right / That’s true / Yes, but…..
- I’m afraid you’re wrong / I see what you mean, but don’t you think………. ?
- I don’t think I would go along with that / Yes, but isn’t it also true that……..?
- That sounds like a good idea / I’m not sure about that
- What a pity / Never mind I don’t like………. / I can’t stand……….. / I hate…….
- Personally, I’m not that keen on…/ You know, it’s not really my thing / Don’t you think……? / And, to be honest…./ That’s not the point
- 5. Как отреагировать на чьи-то предложения / реплики
- Wow! / Really! / Goodness! Oh dear. / What a surprise! / It can't be true./ You must be joking
- I (really) like/ enjoy / love / I really like doing that too / I’m not keen on…/
- That’s a good idea ….. / Surely, it’d be better…
- That sounds like a good idea / I think the best thing to do would be to… / It would be a good idea to…/ I’ve got a good idea…/ I’ve got a better idea ……./ That sounds a bit boring…/ I don’t think that’s such a good idea because……..
- I find it really….(interesting / awful….) / It looks a bit……(strange / difficult…)
- It makes me….(angry/ worried / smile / want to…..)
- 6. Как сделать выбор
- I prefer…..to……./ I’d rather …..(do/have…) than…/ I’d rather we had……than……/ I much prefer………/ I wouldn’t mind +Ving
- I find it really….(interesting / awful….) / It looks a bit……(strange / difficult…)
- 7. Как высказать мнение
- It’s very difficult to say, but I think……/ What I mean is……/ In my opinion…..
- It’s not something I feel very strongly about, but………
- Actually I feel quite strongly that……./ I’m quite certain that………
- Personally , I feel…/ think…/ suppose…/ guess…
- I’ve never really thought about it, but I suppose…/ I don’t really like…but if I had to choose….
- I think it’d be better if…./ I think we should…
- I (don’t think) / believe / feel (that)
- I (don’t) believe in
- Personally I think
- In my opinion
- To my mind
- If you ask me
- It seems to me
- In my view
- As far as I’m concerned
- I think it’s really great, don’t you?
- Wouldn’t you agree …
- What I don’t understand is …
- What’s really worrying is …
- I’m not sure. I haven’t thought about it much.
- I (completely) disagree with you.
- Yes, you are right.
- That’s right / true.
- Exactly.
- Absolutely.
- I couldn’t agree more.
- That’s a very good point.
- There’s a lot in what you say.
- 8. Как прийти к обоюдному согласию
- Neither of us liked…………/ So that was the conclusion we reached:……………
- What have we decided then? / So, let’s decide which one……… / OK, so which (two) are the best?
- I think we’ve agreed that…….. / So, we’ve decided………
- Well, I chose……../ We both agreed that………/ N. was in favour of…..but I thought… [3].
Монологическая речь – «достаточно развернутое высказывание одного лица, состоящее из ряда фраз, между которыми имеется логическая и лингвистическая связь» [4]. Основной функцией монологического высказывания является связное непрерывное изложение мыслей говорящего, обращенное к одному лицу или к группе лиц. Для монологической речи характерны такие коммуникативные функции, как: информативная, воздейственная, экспрессивная, развлекательная и ритуально-культовая [4]. Поскольку монологическая речь представляет собой, прежде всего, нагрузку на память, мышление и речепроизводительную функцию человека, ее необходимо тренировать. Примерами упражнений, направленных на формирование навыка монологической речи, могут служить высказывания по предложенному плану:
1) Give a talk on communication using the plan:
- whether modern communication is easier than a hundred years ago, why
- whether ordinary letters are disappearing now, why
- which is better: written or oral communication, why
- which ways of communication you prefer, why
- what means of communication are popular nowadays, why
- why people choose to use mobile phones
- why some people are against mobile phones
- whether it is a good idea to bring mobile phones to school or university, why / why not
2) Give a talk on family and family values. Remember to discuss:
- what family values are most important for a happy family, why
- whether it is important to have a good family, why
- your family members and your relationship
- what household duties children should have, why
- what family relations can be between the members of the family, why
- whether it is good to be an only child, why
- a generation gap and its reasons
- your relations with your family members
3) Give a talk on learning foreign languages according to the following plan:
- why it is important to learn foreign languages
- whether it will be better to have only one language on the planet, why
- why you learn English
- whether you are a good language learner, why
- whether it’s easy or difficult to learn English, why
- which is most important: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, why
- what you prefer doing: reading, listening, speaking, writing, why
- what you could do to improve your English
4) Give a talk on hobbies. Remember to discuss:
- why people have hobbies
- what kinds of hobbies exist in the world
- what hobbies are popular with teenagers, why
- whether you’ve got any hobby, why / why not
- how leisure activities have changed over the last years
- what teenagers like doing in their spare time, why
- whether teenagers have enough leisure time, why
- what you prefer doing when you’re alone, why
5) Give a talk on shopping. Remember to discuss:
- why people can’t do without shopping
- whether shopping is more popular with boys or girls, why
- who does most of the shopping in your family and where
- whether shopping over the Internet is becoming the main way of buying things, why / why not [5]
Диалогическая речь представляет собой объединенное ситуативно-тематической общностью последовательное сочетание устных высказываний в непосредственном акте общения. К основным характеристикам диалога относятся реактивность и ситуативность [6]. Поскольку в диалоге, в отличие от монолога, мы всегда зависим от партнера, необходимо быстро реагировать на реплики в условиях заданной ситуации. Обучение диалогам можно начинать с простого, усложняя задачи по мере формирования соответствующих навыков.
Так, можно начинать с диалога по заданной ситуации. Например:
1) You and your friend are discussing which way of communication is the best. Discuss the following options with your friend and choose the one you both like most of all:
- face-to-face communication
- mobile phone
- instant messaging
2) You and your friend are discussing what both of you could do on Sunday. There are several options but you may choose only one of them. Discuss every point:
- go to the theatre
- go to a café
- go to the cinema
- go to a music concert
- go for a walk
3) You and your friend are planning to start a new hobby. You are discussing what hobby to choose. You are considering:
- playing musical instruments
- collecting something
- sailing
- photography
- craft
Discuss with your friend the above-mentioned hobbies. Agree upon one of the options.
4) Your school is planning to hold the Arts and Crafts Week and your class is going to take part in it. You and your friend are discussing what you could do. Consider the following options and choose the one you both like most of all:
- a play or some sketches
- a handicraft exhibition
- picture gallery
- a concert
5) Your local youth club has been awarded some money by the local council. Here are some of the things that you are considering buying. You can choose from:
- a TV set
- a computer
- books
- a projector
- a camera
Discuss the options with your friend and choose the one you both like most of all [7].
Другим, более сложным вариантом диалога может служить упражнение с заданной ситуацией, без возможных вариантов для обсуждения. Например:
There are some situations with given roles, you should make up dialogues according to information given below. Remember, dialogues should be extended, emotional, complete.
- A psychologist and a patient
the situation: there are problems with misunderstanding among class-mates
- A headmaster and a student
the situation: the student has great problems with study and behaviour
- A manager and an applicant for a new job
the situation: the conversation between a manager and an applicant for a job
- A parent and a child
the situation: the child needs money for himself, so he asks some.
- A sport-instructor and a client
the situation: the client came to the fitness-center to go in for sports.
- A child (15 years old) and a parent
the situation: the parent makes his child study.
- A manager and a buyer
the situation: in the shop the buyer becomes very angry because …
- A conductor and a person who doesn’t want to pay
the situation: in the bus [7].
Еще более сложным этапом при формировании навыков монологической и диалогической речи выступают ролевые игры и проблемные ситуации. Сложность заключается в том, что ученику предлагается только ситуация.
Ролевая игра представляет собой условное воспроизведение ее участниками реальной практической деятельности людей в условиях реального общения. Эффективность обучения обусловлена повышением мотивации и интереса к предмету. Вот примеры возможных ролевых игр:
1) Make up a role play “Labour Exchange”
Setting: The office of the Labour Exchange.
Situation: You should organize the work of the labour exchange. Different people come to your office to find some job. Help them.
2) Make up a role play “Beauty Salon”
Setting: A new Beauty Salon.
Situation: You are ready to open a new beauty salon. You should find new stuff for your salon. Hold a meeting.
3) Make up a role play “Planning a holiday”
Setting: Your flat.
Situation: You meet with your friends in order to discuss coming winter holidays. Decide where to go, what to take, how to organize your rest in order to remember it forever.
4) Make up a role play “English Club”
Setting: The office of an English Club.
Situation: You organize the open day for people (children, pupils, their parents, adults) of your city. Show what classes there are in your club, give presentations. The main task is to make it unforgettable.
5) Make up a role play:
Organization ‘We can help our city’
Setting: The office in a city hall.
Situation: You are the volunteer. You would like to help our city. A group of students are in a city hall, they discuss what to do to make our city clear and interesting for people of different age.
Основу проблемного обучения составляет совокупность взаимосвязанных методов и средств, обеспечивающих возможности творческого участия обучаемых в процессе усвоения новых знаний, формирование у школьников умения ориентироваться в меняющихся жизненных ситуациях, самостоятельно приобретать недостающие знания для самореализации. Проблемные ситуации позволяют говорящему высказать свою точку зрения на обозначенную проблему. Приведем некоторые примеры:
You have some questions, try to prove your own point of view about each of them.
- You have 1 million dollars. What will you do with it?
- What to choose: your favourite but low-paid job, or well-paid but not interesting one?
- If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
- Imagine that you and your partner are invited to a Talk Show: “You Use It or You Lose It” to discuss the possibility of improving human memory. You should argue for the idea that people are born with good or bad memory and little can be done to improve it.
- Imagine that all of a sudden a fairy appears before you and says she is ready to make your three most cherished wishes true. What will you ask her to do for you?
Вариантом подобного задания может выступать более подробная ситуация, где говорящему предлагается высказать свое мнение о лучшем решении проблемы.
DEVELOP A SITUATION:
- A new boy has become a student of your class recently. He has been given a seat at the desk next to you. He is very nervous as he has been living all his life in the country and is quite aware of the fact that Moscow students have more opportunities to master different school subjects and thus they have a real advantage over their counter-parts living in the country. What in your opinion is the best way for him to get adapted to the new circumstances?
- You have a very good friend. She is a clever student and is interested in many problems of modern life. She also goes in for sports. Last summer you spent your holidays together and then you understood that your friend was not such an easy and nice person to deal with as you had thought. She would sit up late at night listening to her favourite pop-music with the volume of her tape-recorder as high as she wanted it or she would start cooking in the middle of the night. She left her belongings everywhere and never washed up. How did you manage to cope with the situation?
- You are a vegetarian and never eat meat. You think that meat food is not healthy and besides in your opinion it is not fair to animals. One day you were invited to an official meeting to the company where you would like to work and where you had applied for a job. The meeting was followed by a reception. When you came up to the table set for the guests you understood that there was meat in all the dishes served. What would you do?
- You are 16. Your dream has always been to become an actor. Your father, however, is against it. He wants you to become a businessman. Try and make your father understand why you would like to be an actor [7].