Roza А. Valeeva

The article examines the evolution of the concept of internationalization of higher education, from the first normative formulations of the mid-20th century to modern complex interpretations. The aim of the study is to trace the transformation of the understanding of internationalization in domestic and foreign science, identify key approaches and determine the essential characteristics of the phenomenon. The methodology is based on the analysis of scientific literature, inductive generalization and comparative analysis of definitions proposed by leading scholars. Main results: three conceptual approaches to understanding internationalization are identified, the dynamics of interpretations are shown: from a narrow focus on academic mobility and international exchange (1960s–1980s) to a systemic concept; the key directions of modern internationalization are identified: joint educational programs, internal internationalization; the characteristics of the domestic interpretation of the phenomenon are analyzed, the key concept of research is defined (internationalization of higher education). The prospects of the research are related to the study of the effectiveness of internal internationalization models, the impact of digitalization and mechanisms for adapting international standards. The theoretical significance of the article lies in systematizing the evolutionary range of interpretations of higher education internationalization, highlighting three conceptual approaches to internationalization: comparing foreign and domestic definitions; giving the authors’ definition of higher education internationalization concept; clarifying the essential characteristics of internationalization as a systemic element of the university's strategy, rather than episodic activity; justifying the need to shift the emphasis from quantitative indicators (the number of international students, English-language courses) to high-quality results (development of global competences, integration of international standards). The proposed areas of internationalization (joint programs, internal internationalization, multilingual environment, etc.) can serve as a basis for working out university development strategies; understanding the evolution of the concept helps to consciously choose tools; analysis of best practices (networking, cross-border research) provides guidance for the design of educational programs and research projects. The conclusions of the article can be used in shaping state policy in the field of internationalization (for example, in developing programs to support the export of educational services).