Uliya Pershina

The author focused on the activities of Vyatka governorate authorities and local governments in the early twentieth century for the development of agriculture in the region. On the basis of official records keeping, provincial periodicals, archives, the author identifies ways and methods of government policy implementation in this area in the early twentieth century in Vyatka region: financial allocations, organizational and administrative activities, control management.

The paper deals with dissemination of agricultural knowledge among the peasants of the Vyatka province in the early twentieth century. The paper article discusses the ways to improve farming by the local authorities and bodies of territorial self-government region through the activities of agricultural schools and rural farms.

The paper is devoted to the organization of popular lectures in the Vyatka province in the early XX century. To allow readings the local authorities required to abide by certain conditions. The Orthodox Church had arranged the conversations and moral public readings. The St. Synod decided to use the oral reading and conversation as a mean of disciple seminaries. Zemstvo of Vyatka actively participated in the organization of secular talks and lectures.

The author considers the system of penalties for official and military crimes in the Roman criminal law. Most of the official crimes against public order in Ancient Rome was punished by exile outside the Roman state and penalties. Military discipline in the Roman army was supported by severe sanctions. They ranged from the death penalty to the imposition of special duties.

The proposed paper is devoted to theoretical problem – the possibility of applying the death penalty and other penalties for crimes against public authorities by the example of Ancient Rome. The article deals with the interpretation of the structure of crimes against the Roman state during the periods of Republic and Empire («the insult of the Majesty of the Roman people») and punishment – from exile («the prohibition of fire and water») outside of the state to the death penalty. Exile were mainly used in the period of the Republic for the support of the enemies of Rome; a holiday on will of prisoners; desertion; preparation of murder of the official; attempts to diminish the greatness of the gods, the Senate, the removal of magistrates from office, reduce power people's tribune. The death penalty was administered mainly during the Empire the attempts of the conspiracy, insulting the head of the Roman state, support for the enemies of the Emperor. Often the use of the death penalty depended on the arbitrariness of the monarch where the subjects had no offence against the government. The mercy of animals during circus performances and crucifixion were special forms of the death penalty, because they contained a warning that rebellion against the state or its officials entails a painful death.