Keyword: «water-cement ratio»

This article provides an overview of modern approaches to the design of durable concrete pavements for roads and airfields. It shows that operational reliability can be achieved by optimizing the water-cement ratio (0.27–0.35), incorporating at least 5% air, and sealing the contact zone, rather than relying solely on traditional compression strength requirements. The article also highlights the effectiveness of technogenic binders, fiber reinforcement, and polycarboxylate superplasticizers. A comprehensive life cycle assessment confirms a 18-25% reduction in costs and a 30-40% reduction in carbon footprint when 30% of cement is replaced with recycled materials. Digital twins and non-destructive testing are considered as the foundation for proactive maintenance. The results are applicable in design, regulation, and engineering education.

The article discusses the factors that determine the frost resistance of concrete, as well as modern methods for assessing and improving it. It provides a classification of concrete grades based on their frost resistance (F) depending on the operating conditions. The article describes laboratory testing methods in accordance with GOST 10060-2012, including procedures for saturating samples and performing cyclic freezing and thawing. It also examines the main theories of frost damage in concrete, the role of water-cement ratio, air entrapment, and hydrophobization in shaping the material's structure. Special attention is paid to practical recommendations for selecting the type of concrete for different climatic zones and winter concreting conditions.