Keyword: «critical periods»

This article analyzes the periods of speech and language development in preschoolers. Three main stages of speech development are examined: initial speech development (1–2 years), coherent speech development (3 years), and written language acquisition (6–7 years). Particular attention is paid to the vulnerability of the brain's speech centers during these periods and the potential negative consequences of negative influences. The relationship between speech development and cognitive processes, the play environment, and interaction with peers is analyzed. This article presents the scientific views of leading researchers (L.S. Vygotsky, A.V. Zaporozhets, and D.B. Elkonin) on the importance of early and preschool age for the development of speech skills. It also describes the influence of emotional state, play activity, and the social environment on speech development. This material will be useful for specialists in speech therapy, psychology, and preschool education.