Keyword: «tobolsk kremlin»

This study was prepared in the year of the celebration of the 435th anniversary of Tobolsk. It contains information on the history of the construction of the stone city – the Tobolsk Kremlin. The author, through the analysis of studies of Italianisms in Russian defense architecture, tried to identify traces of their indirect influence on the constructive solutions of the building elements of the Tobolsk Kremlin. To do this, he turned to works on the history of Russian defense architecture: F.F. Laskovsky, N.V. Sultanova, V.A. Bogusevich, V.V. Yakovleva, M.I. Milchik, K.S. Nosova and others. To discuss the features of the architecture of the unique monument of defense architecture in Siberia – the Tobolsk Kremlin, the works of both historians of the Soviet era and modern times were analyzed: V.I. Kochedamova, V.V. Kirillova, S.P. Zavarikhina, S.V. Kopylova, A.A. Adamova, I.V. Balyunova, P.G. Danilova, E.P. Zagvazdin, Ya.G. Zagvazdina and others. The author comes to the conclusion that the architect of the Tobolsk Kremlin, S.U. Remezov, experienced European innovations in the field of defense architecture during his stay in Moscow. Recognizes the indirect influence of Italian traditions on the architecture of the Tobolsk Kremlin, among which the following elements were noted: the towers of Gostiny Dvor and the walls of Sofiysky Dvor, decorated with a "swallowtail", an arcade in the inner part of the walls of the Kremlin, loopholes of sole fighting, machicolations on the towers of Gostiny Dvor, gers on the western gates of Gostiny Dvor and in the projected Spassky Gates, and possibly the vaulted ceiling of one of the levels of the towers of Gostiny Dvor. He suggests that the use of double gates – for entry and pedestrian, are an echo of Italian influence on domestic defense architecture. He considers the similarity of the project of the Dmitrievsky Gate with the Sukharev Tower of the Moscow and the Front Gates of the Kolomna Kremlin to be indisputable. He notes that the fortifications of the Tobolsk Kremlin according to the project were not completed, already in the second half of the 18th century they became obsolete and did not meet the requirements of fortification. Therefore, the further maintenance of such a fortress was burdensome.

This paper provides a brief description of the restoration works of the fortifications of the Tobolsk Kremlin, which were carried out in the 50s and 60s of the XX century, under the direction of the Moscow architect F. G. Dubrovin. The main sources for studying the topic was photographs that show individual moments of restoration processes and photocopies of plans and drawings created by the architect. These materials are stored in the collections of the Tobolsk Museum- reserve. Their comparison with already published data and the results of recent archaeological research allows us to imagine what the Tobolsk Kremlin was like before the middle of the XX century, and what kind of appearance it acquired as a result of the work carried out. Special attention is paid to the fact that F. G. Dubrovin carried out its activities in several stages. Initially, full-scale surveys were performed, including excavations, autopsies, and sounding. Thus, the location of all fortifications, their dimensions and some design features were established. On the basis of the obtained data, F. G. Dubrovin developed restoration projects, where different options for restoring certain buildings were assumed. A comparison of early photographs, project drawings and known results of restoration work suggests that many of the architect's ideas were not implemented. Despite the fact that The name of F. G. Dubrovin and his work is mentioned in many publications devoted to the history of Tobolsk, the architect's activity has almost never been considered in detail in the scientific literature. The novelty of the article is that for the first time, based on a wide range of sources, the restoration works of the Kremlin walls and towers will be characterized.