Keyword: «fortress»

This study was prepared in the year of the celebration of the 435th anniversary of Tobolsk. It contains information on the history of the construction of the stone city – the Tobolsk Kremlin. The author, through the analysis of studies of Italianisms in Russian defense architecture, tried to identify traces of their indirect influence on the constructive solutions of the building elements of the Tobolsk Kremlin. To do this, he turned to works on the history of Russian defense architecture: F.F. Laskovsky, N.V. Sultanova, V.A. Bogusevich, V.V. Yakovleva, M.I. Milchik, K.S. Nosova and others. To discuss the features of the architecture of the unique monument of defense architecture in Siberia – the Tobolsk Kremlin, the works of both historians of the Soviet era and modern times were analyzed: V.I. Kochedamova, V.V. Kirillova, S.P. Zavarikhina, S.V. Kopylova, A.A. Adamova, I.V. Balyunova, P.G. Danilova, E.P. Zagvazdin, Ya.G. Zagvazdina and others. The author comes to the conclusion that the architect of the Tobolsk Kremlin, S.U. Remezov, experienced European innovations in the field of defense architecture during his stay in Moscow. Recognizes the indirect influence of Italian traditions on the architecture of the Tobolsk Kremlin, among which the following elements were noted: the towers of Gostiny Dvor and the walls of Sofiysky Dvor, decorated with a "swallowtail", an arcade in the inner part of the walls of the Kremlin, loopholes of sole fighting, machicolations on the towers of Gostiny Dvor, gers on the western gates of Gostiny Dvor and in the projected Spassky Gates, and possibly the vaulted ceiling of one of the levels of the towers of Gostiny Dvor. He suggests that the use of double gates – for entry and pedestrian, are an echo of Italian influence on domestic defense architecture. He considers the similarity of the project of the Dmitrievsky Gate with the Sukharev Tower of the Moscow and the Front Gates of the Kolomna Kremlin to be indisputable. He notes that the fortifications of the Tobolsk Kremlin according to the project were not completed, already in the second half of the 18th century they became obsolete and did not meet the requirements of fortification. Therefore, the further maintenance of such a fortress was burdensome.

Kuznetsk fortress is a fortification object of the beginning of the XIX century. The construction of the polygonal-bastion tracing. Most of the internal buildings are made in the style of classicism, widespread in the Russian Empire in the 18th century. The fortress is surrounded by a moat and earthen rampart with redans, a redoubt and two earthen half-bastions. At the same time, two more half-bastions have stone clothes made of wild stone. The complex includes an earthen four- bastion Sternschanz – “Swamp Citadel”. From a tactical point of view. Kuznetsk fortress is an amazing example of Siberian military engineering art of the beginning of the last XIX century. She crowned a whole stage in the development of Siberian fortification. The fortress was built in the right place at the right time. Her layout, location, device are of great interest. The fortress is completely atypical for Siberian fortification. It has too many individual features, compared with other Siberian fortresses. Based on many years of studying the fortress, the author concludes that the design of the fortress is individual, although the construction of standard linear fortifications was originally planned. Many factors had to coincide in order for the fortress to be created in this form – a long and serious military danger, the adventurousness of the corps commander, the militancy of the emperor, the experience of engineers, the economic crisis of the state, which cut short the further development of fortifications. All this together has led to the fact that the city of Novokuznetsk can now rightfully be proud of such an unusual monument of history and fortification.

Based on the analysis of graphic documents found in the central archives, using the ideas of the European "new fortification" as a methodological approach, the author considers the degree and stages of implementation of fortification innovations introduced in the era of Peter the Great during the construction of defensive fortifications on the Siberian lines. Attention is paid to the development trend of the European fortification of the Renaissance. The issue of the Dutch influence of the "new fortification" on the organization of the border space in Russia is discussed. The results of a comparative analysis of the penetration of European traditions of fortification into the European part of Russia and Siberia are presented. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of individual elements of the bastion system. On the example of the Semipalatinsk fortress, a review of the evolution of the process of penetration of innovations into the practice of organizing the border space in the south of Western Siberia is made. Graphic materials on the objects of fortification of the Siberian lines are presented.