Nadezhda N. Darenkova

At turning points in the history of the country, it is necessary to analyze and find solutions to emerging new problems in the education of the younger generation. The right choice determines what generation will live in our country tomorrow. Rethinking the results and achievements in the education of youth (primarily students) of the 19th century, relying on the giant domestic scientific and pedagogical heritage, modern teachers more successfully solve the problem of spiritual and moral education of students at higher educational institutions. The article is devoted to the process of education, in particular, spiritual and moral education of students in the 19th century. The work is based on articles from pedagogical journals of the 19th century (collections of the Russian National Library, St. Petersburg), pedagogical works of famous Russian writers and teachers, historical official documents. The aim of the study is to identify the continuity of the principles of spiritual and moral education of students at higher educational institutions of the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries. Objectives: to identify the system of values developed in the students of classical gymnasiums and, upon graduation, in university students of the nineteenth century; to compare with the requirements of the modern educational system. Leading approaches to the study: socio-cultural, systemic, cultural, anthropological. In official documents, in the works of famous teachers, writers, philosophers, public figures, attention is drawn to the commitment to the traditions of Russian education of youth: patriotism, nobility, honesty, hard work. The studied scientific sources of the nineteenth century implement the idea that the process of spiritual and moral education does not begin and does not end within the walls of the university, and this is relevant for our time as well. As in the nineteenth century, now teachers of higher educational institutions solve difficult problems of training not just highly qualified specialists, but individuals with strong, highly moral foundations, loyal to their Fatherland. The theoretical significance of the study is in finding and rethinking the creative ideas of famous Russian educators, scientists and public figures of the nineteenth century. The experience of practical application of the developed forms and methods of education of students in the nineteenth century (with adjustments for modern requirements) will undoubtedly help in finding new approaches to the spiritual and moral education of modern students. This study will be useful for teachers interested in studying the sources of pedagogical thought for their application in their practice of spiritual and moral education of students of the twenty-first century.

The relevance of the article is due to the urgent need at the present time to revise and use the rich domestic scientific and pedagogical heritage instead of blind copying of Western authors, paying more attention to the spiritual and moral education of university students. The article is devoted to the educational process in higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire of the XIX century, one of the components of which is indoctrination, inextricably linked with the training of students (on the example of metropolitan universities). The article is based on historical official documents of state universities of St. Petersburg, dated the nineteenth century (based on the materials of the Central State Historical archive of St. Petersburg). The author presents a study, the purpose of which is to identify the system of values formed among students of universities of the XIX century, and to find its compliance with the requirements of the modern educational system, to emphasize the continuity of the education principles from that period to our time. One can see the commitment to the traditions of Russian upbringing of young people in the documents of the XIX century: love for the Motherland, decency, nobility in thoughts and deeds, mutual support, diligence. The tasks of indoctrinating students that faced the heads of universities of the Russian Empire are still relevant at the present time. To prepare highly qualified, highly educated specialists with developed strong moral foundations is the goal of educational institutions in our time as well. The socio-cultural, anthropological and culturological approaches were used as the methodological basis of the study. Based on a review of domestic studies devoted to the educational process in higher educational institutions of the Russian Empire, the possibility of applying the achievements of teachers and educators of the past centuries in this field in the conditions of a modern university is analyzed. They rightly believed that reliable spiritual and moral guidelines, such as love for God and their Fatherland, for parents and useful work for the benefit of society, invisibly connect generations with each other. They believed that the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation is primarily the task of the family, and the formation of moral values continues at the university. The theoretical significance of the conducted study lies in the reinterpretation of old ideas, forms and methods of education and their use in the development of new approaches to the education of students of modern universities. From a practical point of view, the experience of previous generations of teachers can help teachers, especially curators, in organizing and conducting educational work with students. The author believes that this research will interest teachers and encourage them to study not only modern scientific and pedagogical sources, but also the sources of pedagogical thought of the past centuries in order to understand and correctly apply information in the educational process of a modern university.

The article discusses the issues of raising a communicative culture in the course of professional foreign language training for students of technical universities. The relevance of the problem under study is due to the fact that society needs specialists whose competences (professional, general professional and universal) meet the requirements of national and international labor markets and contribute to the subsequent successful employment of a technical university graduates. An analysis of the pedagogical literature allows us to conclude that in modern conditions the formation of universal (general cultural) competences plays an important role, since the main goal of the educational process is not only the preparation of competitive specialists, but also the formation of a system of values and moral qualities in them. In this regard, a pedagogical experiment was conducted at the Foreign Languages Chair of the Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, the purpose of which was to increase the level of communication culture among students of non-linguistic specialties. To achieve this goal, the following theoretical methods were used: systematic study and analysis of psychological, pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature, materials of international scientific and practical conferences, generalization, comparison; empirical methods: observation, questionnaire, interview, assessment and self-assessment, analysis of the pedagogical experiment results, their psychological and pedagogical interpretation. A number of measures have been worked out (and partially implemented) aimed at improving the general culture of students and the culture of speech in particular. The main results of the work: students express their thoughts in the classroom and in conversations with the teacher more competently (in accordance with the norms of literary Russian language), which has a positive effect on the process of professional foreign language training of students; the number of students who have a negative attitude to using foul language in public places has increased, actively defending their point of view in discussions; the general cultural level of students increased thanks to extracurricular activities that stimulated a growing interest of students in the history, culture of our country and countries of the world. The materials of the study may be used in the educational work of universities that train engineering specialists.