Elena V. Yaroslavtseva

Currently, the relevance of high-quality cognitive development of children, starting from preschool age, has increased significantly. If previously there was an accumulated demand for the quality of cognitive development among certain groups of the population, now this norm is enshrined in the Russian education system. Due to the complexity of cognitive processes development, technologized means, including cognitive classes, become the most significant in practice. There are different tools for working with cognitive phenomena, processes and research. However, there are now only scattered studies in the pedagogical field which reveal some aspects of the development of cognitive activities. The basis here is most often the most famous cognitive-taxonomic theory of B. Bloom, which reveals the main levels of development of cognitive activity that contribute to the achievement of educational goals. At the moment, the problem of selecting the most effective forms, methods and techniques, teaching aids, including for conducting cognitive classes for the development of cognitive activity of older preschool children remains unresolved. This article achieves the goal of formulating the basic requirements for the development of learning tasks for older preschoolers, which can be used at different stages of cognitive training. Analysis and synthesis were used as research methods, including when studying literature on the research topic, survey, questionnaire, and mathematical methods for processing empirical data. As a result of theoretical research, the works of domestic and foreign researchers in the field of developing a cognitive paradigm of education, as well as studying the process of development of children's cognitive activity, were analyzed. The practical significance of the study lies in testing a number of formulations of learning tasks at different stages of a cognitive lesson for the further creation of a constructor for compiling such tasks on any topic. The article may be of practical interest for teachers of preschool organizations and other researchers of this issue.

The key learning outcome of the main educational program of preschool education is the development of cognitive abilities of the pupil. The work for the development of cognition of a preschooler should be considered as a purposeful activity aimed at cognition of the surrounding reality on the basis of the formation of cognitive functions, such as perception, thinking, memory, attention, speech. Therefore, cognitive activity is the main one in cognitive classes in kindergarten. The result of all the system of cognitive activities should be the formation of cognitive functions in a preschooler. At the same time, we must take into consideration the requirements for the structure of a cognitive lesson and the choice of the main technology for this structure design. Reasoned discourse can be considered as the main technology of a cognitive lesson. The discourse allows organizing the student's active mental work both in the process of perceiving the teacher's argumentation and in the process of building his/her own reasoning strategy and forming arguments. On the other hand, the standard of preschool education and the successive standard of primary school education distinguish the task of mastering educational sign-symbolic means by students. The minimum set of these means is defined by the standards (substitution, modeling, encoding and decoding of information, logical operations, including general problem-solving techniques) and allows them to be included as a mandatory component in the lesson structure. That is why the purpose of the article is to describe the structure of a cognitive lesson based on the technology of reasoned discourse in preschool education. The authors of the article highlight the methodological aspects of formulating the tasks of cognitive activity, describe the content of cognitive actions in older preschoolers and characterize the significance of reasoned discourse in this process. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the identification of the structure of a cognitive lesson based on the technology of reasoned discourse in preschool education. The practical implementation of this structure will create favorable conditions for the development of the pupil's knowledge on the basis of the formation of the child's cognitive functions in the system of pre-school education. It can be assumed that this structure of a cognitive lesson can be considered in relation to the study of any topic in the educational process of a preschool educational organization.