Svetlana G. Dobrotvorskaya

The relevance of this research stems from the absence of systematic works examining the goals of biology education in Indonesian senior high schools over the past four decades from a historical-pedagogical perspective. The majority of existing studies merely present the dynamics of changes in the Indonesian curriculum as a whole, without specifically analyzing the aims of biology education. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the goals of teaching biology in Indonesian senior high schools (1975–2013). This study employed the historical research method with document analysis, drawing upon the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, government policies, school curricula, the Outlines of the Educational Program, textbooks, literature from the repository of the Ministry of Education (Kemendikdasmen), and relevant articles from various sources such as Google Scholar and Springer. The documents analyzed cover the period from 1975 to 2013 and encompass six Indonesian education curricula, namely the senior high school curricula of 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004, 2006, and 2013. The findings of the study indicate that the overarching goal of teaching biology at the senior high school level in the Indonesian educational curriculum is to help students comprehend the majesty and omnipotence of their Creator through the study of biological concepts and their interrelationships, to train them in the use of scientific methods based on a scientific approach, and to cultivate a "whole Indonesian person" imbued with the spirit of Pancasila, who will be of value to self-development and the nation-building of Indonesia in the future. Although the formulation of this goal is constantly changing, the general aim of studying biology at this level is to assist students, in the spirit of Pancasila, in mastering biological knowledge through scientific methods while adapting to the advancement of the times, science, and technology. Theoretically, these findings contribute to the field of Indonesian education research. Practically, they are expected to serve as: 1) material for the evaluation and critical reflection of future curricula; 2) a reference point in the development of teaching materials on the history of biology; and 3) a foundation for formulating biology learning goals and models that are not only aligned with contemporary educational trends but also consistent with Indonesia's national development goals.

The relevance of the study is due to the persistence of early marriage practice in Indonesia. This happens despite legislative prohibitions and the proven negative impact of early marriages on the reproductive health, educational outcomes and social well-being of adolescents, especially girls. The purpose of this study is to identify, based on the analysis of literature, the cultural, medical-social and psychological-pedagogical factors that shape and support this practice, and to determine the directions of pedagogical influence for prevention. A systematic review of scientific articles, statistical data, and regulatory documents for the period 2015-2025 was used as the leading approach in the study. The main results of the study include: 1) identification of key cultural attitudes (religious norms, traditions, gender stereotypes) and socio-economic conditions (poverty, limited access to education) that contribute to early marriage; 2) analysis of the medical consequences for the health of adolescent mothers and their children, including the risks of maternal and infant mortality, complicated pregnancies and childbirth; 3) assessment of gaps in the agency of the Indonesian educational system in the field of prevention, in particular, insufficient education in the field of reproductive health and the lack of systematic interaction between the school, the family and local communities. The theoretical significance of the work lies in a comprehensive, interdisciplinary consideration of the phenomenon of early marriage through the prism of a medical-psychological-pedagogical approach that integrates cultural, medical and educational aspects. The practical significance lies in the development of guidelines for a comprehensive pedagogical impact strategy. This strategy includes cultural, educational, medical, psychological and educational activities aimed at reducing the prevalence of early marriage through the activation of the school's role as a coordinating center for collaboration with the family, the health-care system and society.

In recent years, we can see a noticeable decline in health of students not only in Russian schools, but in foreign countries as well. The primary cause of this dynamics is an inappropriate lifestyle manifested in insufficient physical activity, improper nutrition and stress caused by academic workload. Existing measures to support and stimulate healthy lifestyles do not show proper results. The health-saving approach in education has not yet achieved full effectiveness although it has some potential. Its organizational and methodological base is under development and requires adaptation to modern educational trends. In addition, there is a need for a clearer definition of the roles of school and family in the process of valeologization of the educational process. Therefore, the development of a valeological culture, as well as the modernization of the valeological approach in educational organizations is an urgent socio-pedagogical issue. The aim of the study is to analyze the significance of the development of a valeological culture for the health of students as a factor of the sustainable development of the Russian society and to identify effective methods of health culture formation in the school education system. The research is based on systemic, empirical and pragmatic approaches. The leading methods in the study are theoretical (analysis, synthesis), and empirical (questionnaire survey, comparison). In the course of the study, 96 secondary school students (6th-9th grades) were surveyed in order to assess the compliance of various individual aspects of their lifestyle with the principles of a healthy lifestyle. The results showed definite trends in the change of students' lifestyles. In particular, a decrease in motor activity, an increase in negative attitudes towards rational nutrition and an increase in predisposition to chemical addictions are observed among students in grades 6–9. These data emphasize the need to strengthen preventive measures against unhealthy lifestyles and popularization of valeological knowledge among students. Theoretical significance of the study consists in the prepared characterization of the current state of the problem, which will make it possible to conduct better theoretical studies devoted to the peculiarities of the development of health culture and healthy lifestyle. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results can be used by teachers and social workers to carry out preventive work and develop scientific and methodological recommendations.