Keyword: «fear»

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the problem of fairy tales as a means of fairy tale therapy in correcting children's fears in children of senior preschool age. Through consideration of individual functions of a fairy tale in correctional work, the author analyzes the possibilities of overcoming the children of certain fears. The main mechanism for using fairy tales in correcting children's fears, according to the author's conclusions, is the child's identification mechanism with a fairy-tale image: the child "appropriates" the norms, values, patterns of behavior and resolution of various problems, overcoming the hero's experiences of the fairy tale, which indirectly "live" in a fairy tale a lot of models of emotional response in different situations. The more the child has an arsenal of similar patterns of behavior and response, the better he is adapted to the conditions of the world around him and has fewer fears.

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the understanding of the category of fear and features of age-related normative fears in children of older preschool age. An analysis of the main determinants of the fear experience described in scientific publications leads the author to an understanding of the social conditioning of the content of childhood fears among older preschool children. Among these determinants of particular importance is the communication with peers and the status of the child in the peer group. An analysis of a number of studies shows that emotional disorders are characteristic of children with low status and are less likely to manifest themselves in children with high status in the peer group. The author makes a conclusion about the need for an empirical study of the content of fears among older preschool children with different status positions in a group of peers.

Based on the analysis of theoretical literature and empirical data, it was determined that a great number of fears among modern children is an urgent problem for preschool educational institutions. The purpose of the work is to examine the fears of preschoolers and make recommendations for preventive work with them. Methods of empirical research: ascertaining experiment; testing according to the methods: C-scale "Fears and worries in children" (A. I. Zakharov), drawing test "My family"; anxiety test (R. Tamml, M. Dorki, V. Amen) (for diagnosing children), anxiety test by Ch. D. Spielberger (interpreted by Yu. L. Khanin) (for diagnosing mothers); methods of mathematical and statistical data processing are represented by Spearman's rank correlation criterion. The study was conducted on the basis of the Municipal state preschool educational institution "Kindergarten No. 7" of the Yemanzhelinsky municipal district of the Chelyabinsk region (N = 60). As a result, the authors revealed statistically significant correlations of fears with the general level of anxiety of the child, the general level of personal anxiety of the mother, and the child's ideas about his/her family. Therefore, a comprehensive program of preventive work is required, taking into account the level of anxiety of children, the anxiety of their mothers and the peculiarities of family upbringing. The most commonly used preventive measures are those that provide information for a better understanding of problems and their resolution. Most of these prevention programs involve cognitive-behavioral approaches, which explains why most of the preventive measures were found in the field of pedagogy. But this pedagogical process must necessarily start with a diagnosis, which is necessary for the development of appropriate preventive strategies (for example, the formation of problem-solving skills, self-esteem or social support). Pedagogical interaction should be highly professional and begin with a diagnosis based on a battery of tests that we have tested. We recommend holding a series of educational meetings, trainings for parents on managing their own anxieties, discussing traumatic behavior by means of conferences, videos, lectures or newsletters.

The article examines the elements of psychological training of the Red Army soldiers, reflected in the fiction of front-line writers. Based on the work of Alexander Alfredovich Beck «Volokolamskoe highway», an analysis of approaches to the problem of accelerated formation of the qualities of a soldier among servicemen drafted into the army and having no experience of military service is carried out.