Keyword: «economics»

The economic discourse of the early Modern period offers an analysis of specific key phenomena: property, finance, commerce, trade, population growth and economic development, as well as studies of economic inequality and equity of distribution. Many of the leading philosophers of Modern times, from Nicolaus Copernicus to Adam Smith, have made huge contributions to economics. In the early Modern period, there were at least a dozen schools of economic thought. Impressively, by the end of the 18th century, many basic principles and laws relating to money, markets and trade had already been formulated and many of the methods of economics – model building, time series analysis, statistical estimation, game theory and decision theory – already existed.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of the financial sector of the Russian economy. Trends in the formation of the structure of the financial sector of the economy have been identified, and factors hampering the development and dissemination of innovations in the Russian financial sector have been studied.

Economic ethics implies a high level of business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain historically prevailing conditions of the country and the people. Knowledge of the stages of preparation for negotiations, economic and business ethics allow entrepreneurs to achieve business success.

The article analyzes the trends and prospects of trade relations of the BRICS countries, including the new states that joined in 2025: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda and Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study is to identify the key areas and factors affecting the development of trade within BRICS and within the EAEU. The relevance of the article is due to the growing economic interaction between the countries of the group and their new composition, which creates opportunities for strengthening global trade ties and deepening economic integration. The scientific novelty of the article lies in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the BRICS expansion in 2025 on the evolution of trade relations within the group and in the context of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The article examines the specifics of the development of transport and logistics in small island developing states. Factors that have a direct impact on the development of the economies of these countries and factors constraining their economic growth are identified and listed. Prospects for the development of transport and logistics have been identified.