Keyword: «word»

The article discusses the methods of working with the text of a work of art (analysis and retelling) at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language. It is emphasized that when analyzing the text of a work of art, it is necessary to pay attention to its grammatical and stylistic features; when retelling the text of a work of art, it is important to “quantize” the text and the speech flow. The working material for writing this article was the texts of the modern author T.N. Tolstoy and the classic Russian literature by L. Tolstoy.

Education and development of schoolchildren is closely connected with reading, so improving the text reading efficiency is one of the problems intensively studied by various scientists in the field of didactics, psychology and linguistics. Reading involves extracting information from the text, which requires decoding phonetic relationships between letters and sounds, as well as understanding the meaning. The result of reading depends on the parameters of the reader and the text he/she reads. The aim of the work: 1) using the information-cybernetic approach, to create a simulation model of the reader’s (pupil’s) activity, taking into account the psychological patterns of perception, remembering and forgetting information, that would allow us to investigate the main regularities of reading texts; 2) to study the behavior of this model under different characteristics of the reader and the text; to explain the results obtained. The system-cybernetic approach is applied, as well as methods of qualitative, mathematical and computer modeling. In the proposed simulation model, human memory is modeled by three matrixes in which syllables, words and sentences are «remembered». Numbers from the intervals [0; 1] are matrix elements, which are equal to the probabilities of correct reproduction of these components of the text. Syllable recognition is modeled as a random process with a probability 0.05 – 1. When the pupil has read all the syllables correctly, he understands the word being read, and the corresponding element of the matrix is assigned 1. After reading the sentence, the pupil tries to understand its meaning; the result depends on the degree of understanding and memorization of the words that make up this sentence. The model takes into account: 1) the multilevel structure of the reader's memory; 2) the probabilistic nature of reading syllables, understanding words and sentences; 3) the exponential law of forgetting uncomprehended information (syllables); 4) the logistic law of forgetting comprehended information (words, sentences); 5) the effect of feedback on the repeated reading of words and sentences in case of their incomprehension; 6) reducing the speed of forgetting information during re-reading. As a result of the pupil’s reading simulation, we obtain the graphs of the level of the entire text and separate sentences comprehension dependence on time; it is shown that the time of reading the text depends seriously on the «reader’s» characteristics and the text parameters. The situations when the reader (pupil) poorly reads syllables, slowly understands and quickly forgets the read text are also considered here. The computer program used is written in the Free Pascal environment and consists of nested loops that correspond to the reading of syllables, words and sentences. The novelty lies in the fact that an imitational model of the reader was created, with the help of which the dependence of the student’s knowledge on time, the student’s working time with text on reading speed, the degree of understanding of various sentences on their ordinal number with different text parameters was studied.

The article is related to the description of the role of language in cognition, which consists in the fact that it provides the process of cognition itself, the arrangement, preservation and transmission of acquired knowledge. The main language unit is a sign, which is any sensually perceived object, event or action. The article also notes that, due to its complexity and versatility, the issue of language and cognition is being developed from different points of view in modern areas of linguistics, psychology and philosophy. The issue of the main function of the language, consisting in the transfer and storage of information, in the direct connection of language with the cognitive processes of a person is touched upon.

The article analyzes the words and phrases that organize the space-time continuum of the advertising situation. The ratio of spatial and temporal words and phrases forms the chronotope of advertising, quantitative excess of units designating time intervals, tells of the temporary nature of the advertising text as a whole.

The article presents the material of the study of the tempo-rhythmic side of speech in older preschoolers with erased dysarthria. For this, the method of examination of the six main elements of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech was adapted (perception of the rhythm, reproduction of the rhythm, determination of the tempo of speech, perception of the tempo of speech, reproduction of the reflected tempo of speech and independent control of the tempo of speech). Methodological recommendations for a speech therapist on the use of logorhythmics in the classroom for older preschoolers with erased dysarthria have been developed.