Elena V. Dekina

The urgency of the problem under study is connected with the study of the specific aspects of learning independence development among primary school students. Research activity forms a special style of learning activity, contributes to the transformation of learning into self-learning, and launches self-development mechanisms. The purpose of the study: to define the problems of developing learning independence among primary school students, to identify the conditions for overcoming them and to test the psychological and pedagogical program for the development of learning independence in primary school students in the process of organizing research activities. The works of scientists in the field of educational activity, learning independence of primary school students serve as the theoretical and methodological basis of the study. Research methods: theoretical (study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature; analysis, generalization and systematization of information from scientific sources); empirical (testing, questioning, pedagogical experiment); methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study was conducted on the basis of the secondary school No. 2 in Serpukhov, Moscow region. The pilot study involved 22 students of the 4th grade. The diagnostic program included the following methods: a map of independence manifestations, observation through the diagnostic map "Identification of research skills", a survey "Do you know how?", a survey to identify the emotional attitude of children to research activities, a scale of educational and cognitive interest level. The study showed that a positive attitude towards research activities and educational and cognitive interest in children is clearly expressed, but work is needed to develop specific research skills, since many students have difficulties with identifying problems, formulating questions, advancing hypotheses, classification, the ability to experiment, draw conclusions and make deductions. The following conditions for the development of learning independence among primary school student in the process of organizing research activities were identified: taking into account the age and individual characteristics of a primary school student in the process of learning activity; involvement of students in a phased research activity with a gradual decrease in the role of adults in it; the use of active and interactive methods and different ways of organizing cognitive, problem-search, project activities; purposeful formation of specific research skills, in the development of which problems have been identified, as well as methods of self-control and self-assessment of primary school students at all stages of research activity. These conditions were tested during the implementation of a specially worked out psychological and pedagogical program, which resulted in a positive trend in the studied indicators, which proves the effectiveness of the work done. The results of the study can be useful in organizing research activities and developing the independence of primary school students in learning and extracurricular activities.

Since the issues related to the study of the conflict behavior of students – future teachers and the determination of the most effective ways of managing it are reflected not only in the research works of modern scientists but also in the practical activities of administrative services of educational institutions seeking to provide a conflict-free environment for the teaching staff interaction, we consider it necessary to focus on the purposeful preparation of students to manage their own behavior in conflict confrontation. The purpose of the article – to analize the formation among students teachers the skills of managing their own behavior in a conflict confrontation with subsequent development, filling with the content of the main components. The target category is 4th-, 5th-year students who are trained in pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical areas with the assignment of bachelor's and master’s degrees. Research methods: theoretical (analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem), empirical (questionnaire, testing, ascertaining experiment). It seems relevant to develop proposals for improving students teachers training to manage their own behavior in a conflict confrontation, assuming an optimal personal conflict level, in which teachers demonstrate the ability to smooth corners, find a compromise, not to aggravate the situation, continuing to defend their own position in a conflict confrontation; the most constructive way of behavior in a conflict that meets the specifics of conflict confrontation; the ability to self-control in communication, the ability to flexibly respond to changes in the situation, the motivation to change depending on the situation, the ability to predict communication situations; a type of emotional reaction with such a way of transforming internal and external influences that allows you to freely show positive feelings, unconditional love for others, creative, constructive activity. The developed program is aimed at improving psychological literacy, conflictological competence of students teachers; students' understanding of the psychological essence of conflict confrontation, its specifics; formation of constructive behavior skills in conflict confrontation; reaction to negative emotions, improvement of self-control in communication. Within the framework of the selected components, students are provided with the socio-psychological trainings; a cycle of individual psychological counseling, if necessary, autogenic training; self-analysis of conflict confrontation.

The relevance of the problem under study is connected with the study of the peculiarities of the development of motivation for innovative activity among teachers of additional education. The motivational sphere of a teacher, the value and meaning of professional activity is a powerful factor that determines professional development, sets its content, direction, intensity and patterns of using personal potential. The purpose of the study: to identify the level of development of motivation for innovative activity among teachers of additional education, to design a psychological and pedagogical program for the development of motivation for innovative activity among teachers of additional education. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of developing an innovative system of additional education for children, the motivational sphere of a teacher. Research methods: theoretical (study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature; analysis, generalization and systematization of information from scientific sources); empirical (testing, questioning, pedagogical experiment); methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study was conducted on the basis of the municipal budgetary institution of additional education "Center for Children's Creativity" in Tula. The study involved 20 teachers of additional education. The diagnostic program included the following methods: a scale of readiness for creative and innovative activity (S.Yu. Stepanov), diagnostics of personal self-actualization (A.V. Lazukin’s method adapted by N.F. Kalin), diagnostics of group motivation (I.D. Ladanov), assessing the readiness of a teacher to participate in innovative activities. The developed psychological and pedagogical program is aimed at improving the professional competence of additional education teachers, developing motivational readiness for innovative activities, positive thinking skills, etc. The developed program includes the following general forms of work: seminars, classes with elements of training, design, competition, creative tasks, etc. It is based on the following principles: science, system, availability, activity and consciousness. As part of the program, teachers of additional education master pedagogical techniques for developing motivation for innovation. The results of the study can be used in organizing psychological and pedagogical support for teachers of additional education.

The relevance of the research is associated with the study of social responsibility as the basis for the formation of a risk group teenager as a subject of self-development, with the cultivation of social responsibility using pedagogical technologies. The concept of social responsibility is analyzed in the context of preventing deviant behavior in schoolchildren. Social responsibility is defined as the ability to be responsible for oneself, personal self-development and self-design, which is one of the important and essential characteristics of the human personality and individuality. Adolescence is considered as a sensitive period for comprehending and developing this quality. Two highlighted aspects – the study of social responsibility in adolescents at risk in the context of measuring significant age-related psychological characteristics and working out a program for its cultivating determined the goal of the article. The study was carried out on the basis of educational institution No. 4 in Tula. The research methods included a theoretical analysis of the literature on the research problem; design, testing and a pedagogical experiment were used as empirical methods. Taking into account the data obtained, the authors have worked out a program for cultivation of social responsibility in adolescents at risk, where they put emphasis on working with the following components: cognitive, emotional, volitional, and behavioral. The worked-out program of cultivating social responsibility in adolescents at risk is of a complex nature and includes the following forms of work: consultations, seminars, master classes, quests, discussions, training sessions, role-playing games, projects, educational lessons, educational activities of patriotic, creative, sports, health-improving, local history studying orientation. The fundamental principles were the principles of complexity, taking into account the individual and age characteristics of adolescents, psychological and pedagogical support, etc. The research results can be used for working with adolescents at risk in an educational institution, a youth center, an institution of additional education; for development of social partnership in the field of positive prevention of deviant behavior of children and young people.

The goal is to work out and test a program for implementing mentoring in pairs as a basis for developing the personal potential of a mentor and a troubled teenager, taking into account their individual characteristics. The study has been conducted on the basis of the Central Educational Institution No. 27 and Tula State Pedagogical University named after L.Tolstoy, which teenagers, senior schoolchildren, and students have attended. Research methods include theoretical ones (study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature; analysis, generalization and systematization of information from scientific sources); empirical ones (questionnaires, testing, pedagogical experiment); and methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The diagnostic program includes the following methods: «Questionnaire of interpersonal relations» (author – A. A. Rukavishnikov), «Communicative and organizational inclinations» (authors – V. V. Sinyavsky, B. A. Fedorishin), «Unfinished sentences», the test «Who am I?» (author – M. Kuhn). Based on the results of the study of troubled teenagers and mentors from among students and senior schoolchildren, a program for the development of mentoring in pairs is compiled in order to form a positive image of a mentor–friend for troubled teenagers, prevent deviant behavior through inclusion in various activities, and provide systematic assistance to troubled teenagers. The development of mentoring relationships is based on the principles of trust, dialogue and constructive partnership, and mutual enrichment, as well as the direct transfer of personal and practical experience and knowledge. The content of the mentor training program includes the following sections: «I am a mentor», «How to become a mentor for a troubled teenager», «Steps of cooperation», «To help a mentor», «Feedback». The authors' approach to the content of the program consists in the development at mentors from among students and senior schoolchildren of models of positive prevention of deviant behavior of troubled adolescents in extracurricular activities. The analysis of the implementation of the mentoring program shows that the presence of a mentor-friend has a positive effect on the formation of positive behavioral patterns of a troubled teenager. Mentors help teenagers to reveal their personal potential by personal example and develop themselves as a pair (team), helping the younger ones. Mentoring at the same time is a way of direct and indirect personal influence of the mentor on the troubled teenager. For the mentor, such work turns into an element of personal improvement and self-development, acting as a test for a person in the future profession.