Svetlana V. Pazukhina

The urgency of the problem under study is connected with the study of the specific aspects of learning independence development among primary school students. Research activity forms a special style of learning activity, contributes to the transformation of learning into self-learning, and launches self-development mechanisms. The purpose of the study: to define the problems of developing learning independence among primary school students, to identify the conditions for overcoming them and to test the psychological and pedagogical program for the development of learning independence in primary school students in the process of organizing research activities. The works of scientists in the field of educational activity, learning independence of primary school students serve as the theoretical and methodological basis of the study. Research methods: theoretical (study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature; analysis, generalization and systematization of information from scientific sources); empirical (testing, questioning, pedagogical experiment); methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study was conducted on the basis of the secondary school No. 2 in Serpukhov, Moscow region. The pilot study involved 22 students of the 4th grade. The diagnostic program included the following methods: a map of independence manifestations, observation through the diagnostic map "Identification of research skills", a survey "Do you know how?", a survey to identify the emotional attitude of children to research activities, a scale of educational and cognitive interest level. The study showed that a positive attitude towards research activities and educational and cognitive interest in children is clearly expressed, but work is needed to develop specific research skills, since many students have difficulties with identifying problems, formulating questions, advancing hypotheses, classification, the ability to experiment, draw conclusions and make deductions. The following conditions for the development of learning independence among primary school student in the process of organizing research activities were identified: taking into account the age and individual characteristics of a primary school student in the process of learning activity; involvement of students in a phased research activity with a gradual decrease in the role of adults in it; the use of active and interactive methods and different ways of organizing cognitive, problem-search, project activities; purposeful formation of specific research skills, in the development of which problems have been identified, as well as methods of self-control and self-assessment of primary school students at all stages of research activity. These conditions were tested during the implementation of a specially worked out psychological and pedagogical program, which resulted in a positive trend in the studied indicators, which proves the effectiveness of the work done. The results of the study can be useful in organizing research activities and developing the independence of primary school students in learning and extracurricular activities.

The article describes approaches to determining the professional burnout of teachers, the stages of its development, the connection with the psychological health of teachers, professional deformations, and the psychological safety of students. It is shown that the set of causes that result in burnout, in relation to the modern conditions of digitalization of education, has not been sufficiently studied, which determines the relevance of the study. The author gives a definition of professional and personal burnout. Its goal is to identify, theoretically substantiate and study empirically the sum of psychological and social causes that affect the development of the syndrome of professional and personal burnout among teachers of the modern school. A set of complementary methods is used for this, including «Diagnosis of professional burnout», «Methodology for diagnosing the level of professional burnout», «Index of life satisfaction»; “Scale of general self-efficacy”, “Self-assessment of professional and pedagogical motivation”, “Scale for assessing the psychological climate in the teaching staff”. At the formative stage, a specially designed program is used, which includes instructions on primary and secondary prevention of professional and personal burnout of teachers in three areas: socio-psychological, personal, and professional. Based on the results of the work done and the use of the Student's criterion, significant changes were recorded for the reasons under study. The integral indicator of professional burnout for the group as a whole decreased during the formative experiment. This indicates that the causes that resulted in burnout were correctly identified. Positive changes were also noted in terms of the studied symptoms: «emotional exhaustion», «depersonalization», «reduction of personal achievements». Positive dynamics was also recorded in the change in the phases of burnout: stress, resistance, exhaustion. Consequently, the work carried out with the identified causes of professional and personal burnout of teachers gave positive results. The novelty lies in identifying a complex of psychological and social causes that result in professional and personal burnout among modern teachers, in specifying the components of these causes. The results of the study can be used in the organization of preventive work with teachers of modern schools.

Currently, the predictable, calm world has been replaced by a dynamic and complex VUCA world, in which it is important for the digital generation of young people to use soft skills. Many of these skills are based on the appropriate level of development of certain types of thinking and its qualities. The purpose of our research was to study different types of thinking among high school students, which could contribute to their personal self-knowledge, timely correction of the characteristics, developed at an insufficient level, and more conscious further professional self-determination. The sample was made up of regular groups of high school students. The work used a set of complementary methods: organizational, theoretical, empirical, data processing methods, methods of research results presentation. To study the types of thinking at the ascertaining and control stages of the study, the following diagnostic tools were used that were consistent with the indicators of validity, reliability, standardization, and representativeness of test norms: the questionnaire «Determination of thinking types and the level of creativity» (Bruner), the test «Logical patterns» (Lippman), the method «comparison of concepts» (Vygotsky, et al.), the method «Exclusion of excess» (Rubinstein), the test for the assessment of logical thinking, the test «Meaning of words». In the course of the formative experiment, a specially worked out program was used, which included a set of lessons, divided into several blocks. Its implementation was accompanied by the introduction of a number of experimental conditions. The results obtained made it possible to identify a tendency for the prevailing development of thinking in images among modern high school students (which is characteristic of clip thinking) and a fall in the indicators of logical thinking, which is reflected in the uncritical perception of information, illogicality of the choices being made, the lack of desire to find the most rational method of solving the problem and the ability to generalize large databases, etc. With purposeful systematic work on the development of different types of thinking of high school students, the most mobile in terms of change are symbolic and creative types of thinking. Other types can be developed as well with appropriate work, but at a slower pace.

The relevance of the research is associated with the study of social responsibility as the basis for the formation of a risk group teenager as a subject of self-development, with the cultivation of social responsibility using pedagogical technologies. The concept of social responsibility is analyzed in the context of preventing deviant behavior in schoolchildren. Social responsibility is defined as the ability to be responsible for oneself, personal self-development and self-design, which is one of the important and essential characteristics of the human personality and individuality. Adolescence is considered as a sensitive period for comprehending and developing this quality. Two highlighted aspects – the study of social responsibility in adolescents at risk in the context of measuring significant age-related psychological characteristics and working out a program for its cultivating determined the goal of the article. The study was carried out on the basis of educational institution No. 4 in Tula. The research methods included a theoretical analysis of the literature on the research problem; design, testing and a pedagogical experiment were used as empirical methods. Taking into account the data obtained, the authors have worked out a program for cultivation of social responsibility in adolescents at risk, where they put emphasis on working with the following components: cognitive, emotional, volitional, and behavioral. The worked-out program of cultivating social responsibility in adolescents at risk is of a complex nature and includes the following forms of work: consultations, seminars, master classes, quests, discussions, training sessions, role-playing games, projects, educational lessons, educational activities of patriotic, creative, sports, health-improving, local history studying orientation. The fundamental principles were the principles of complexity, taking into account the individual and age characteristics of adolescents, psychological and pedagogical support, etc. The research results can be used for working with adolescents at risk in an educational institution, a youth center, an institution of additional education; for development of social partnership in the field of positive prevention of deviant behavior of children and young people.

The goal is to work out and test a program for implementing mentoring in pairs as a basis for developing the personal potential of a mentor and a troubled teenager, taking into account their individual characteristics. The study has been conducted on the basis of the Central Educational Institution No. 27 and Tula State Pedagogical University named after L.Tolstoy, which teenagers, senior schoolchildren, and students have attended. Research methods include theoretical ones (study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature; analysis, generalization and systematization of information from scientific sources); empirical ones (questionnaires, testing, pedagogical experiment); and methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The diagnostic program includes the following methods: «Questionnaire of interpersonal relations» (author – A. A. Rukavishnikov), «Communicative and organizational inclinations» (authors – V. V. Sinyavsky, B. A. Fedorishin), «Unfinished sentences», the test «Who am I?» (author – M. Kuhn). Based on the results of the study of troubled teenagers and mentors from among students and senior schoolchildren, a program for the development of mentoring in pairs is compiled in order to form a positive image of a mentor–friend for troubled teenagers, prevent deviant behavior through inclusion in various activities, and provide systematic assistance to troubled teenagers. The development of mentoring relationships is based on the principles of trust, dialogue and constructive partnership, and mutual enrichment, as well as the direct transfer of personal and practical experience and knowledge. The content of the mentor training program includes the following sections: «I am a mentor», «How to become a mentor for a troubled teenager», «Steps of cooperation», «To help a mentor», «Feedback». The authors' approach to the content of the program consists in the development at mentors from among students and senior schoolchildren of models of positive prevention of deviant behavior of troubled adolescents in extracurricular activities. The analysis of the implementation of the mentoring program shows that the presence of a mentor-friend has a positive effect on the formation of positive behavioral patterns of a troubled teenager. Mentors help teenagers to reveal their personal potential by personal example and develop themselves as a pair (team), helping the younger ones. Mentoring at the same time is a way of direct and indirect personal influence of the mentor on the troubled teenager. For the mentor, such work turns into an element of personal improvement and self-development, acting as a test for a person in the future profession.