Elena A. Khodyreva

The relevance of the research is determined by the objective challenges of our time: the acceleration of technological progress, the transition to an innovative economy and digital transformation, which exacerbate the shortage of engineering personnel. The key problem is the lack of a holistic methodological justification for developing the foundations of engineering thinking in primary school students, despite the recognition of this age as sensitive for this process. The aim of the article is to scientifically substantiate a holistic methodological complex for the effective development of engineering thinking foundations in children aged 7-11 years, integrating objective patterns, a system of complementary approaches and age–appropriate pedagogical principles. The methodological basis consists of hierarchically organized and complementary approaches: synergetic (a scientific basis explaining the nonlinearity and self-organization of the process), convergent (a theoretical and methodological strategy for integrating knowledge) and environmental (practice-oriented tactics of organizing the educational setting). Main results: a system of interrelated patterns has been identified that determine the necessity and specifics of the early formation of engineering thinking foundations; a hierarchical system of methodological approaches has been substantiated; a system of technological education principles has been identified, which serves as a practical tool for the implementation of these approaches. The key achievement is the operationalization of the complex, demonstrated through the author's original table of interrelationships of patterns, approaches, principles and components of engineering thinking. The theoretical significance lies in the integration of synergetic, convergent and environmental approaches into a single holistic model that overcomes the fragmentation of existing research. The practical significance is confirmed by the data of the pilot study, which showed a statistically significant increase in the key components of engineering thinking, and consists in providing specific guidelines for the design of educational programs and the developing environment in primary schools and additional education.

The relevance of the research is due to the need for early development of legal education, which contributes to the formation of an active civic position and awareness of the rights and duties among younger generation. Extracurricular activities provide unique opportunities for interactive learning, allowing children to learn legal norms in an informal situation. In addition, there is a need to prepare children for life in a legal society, especially in the context of dynamic changes in legislation, which increases the importance of legal literacy in their daily lives. The purpose of the study is to present didactic means of developing legal literacy among primary school students in extracurricular activities. The research methods used were methods of the general scientific level (inductive-deductive analysis, concretization and generalization), methods of the specific scientific level (systematization and generalization), experiment (diagnostic stage). The research resulted in the development and presentation of a set of worksheets for the development of legal literacy among primary school students in extracurricular activities. The main sections of the presented pedagogical tool are: "Introduction to the world of law", "My rights and duties", "What is good and what is bad?", "Fundamentals of proper behavior". The theoretical significance of the research lies in the generalization of existing knowledge and approaches related to legal education and training. It systematizes key aspects of legal literacy formation, identifying best practices and methodological shortcomings that require attention. The practical significance of the research lies in the development of specific didactic tools, such as worksheets, which can be used by teachers in the educational process. These materials provide a systematic approach to legal education and help children learn legal norms more effectively through active interaction and practical application of knowledge. The novelty lies in an integrated approach to the formation of legal literacy of primary school students by means of extracurricular activities. The study presents new working materials adapted to the age characteristics of primary school students, which can significantly increase the interest and involvement of students in the study of law.

The relevance of legal education, upbringing, as well as the formation of legal literacy is unambiguous in our days. The availability of legal knowledge for each individual is the main condition for a safe and comfortable human existence in society. An important thing in the psychological development of a child is the assimilation of norms and rules of behavior in society and understanding of their value and necessity. The formation of legal literacy among primary school students is an integral part of the educational process and social development. An analysis of publications on the topic under study shows that this issue is being considered by both Russian and foreign researchers. At the same time, the issue of legal literacy formation among primary school students is not clearly reflected, and the the system of work in this area is regulated incompletely. In connection with these circumstances, the purpose of this article is to present the concept of legal literacy formation among primary school students, which is the basis for the development of effective technologies, programs and techniques. The objectives of the research are: analysis of domestic and foreign literature in the field of legal literacy; characteristics of methodological approaches to the formation of legal literacy of primary school students; substantiation of the specific features of the concept of legal literacy formation among primary school students. The leading research methods are: theoretical methods - a retrospective analysis that allowed us to reveal the essence and specifics of legal literacy, methodological approaches to its study available in the psychological and pedagogical literature. The main result of the article is the development of a concept for the formation of legal literacy among primary school students based on the analysis of scientific research in this field. The theoretical significance of the article consists in the analysis of the main theoretical approaches to the formation of legal literacy in primary school students and the development of the concept for the formation of legal literacy in primary school students, which can be used in the practical work of teachers and specialists in the field of education. The results of the research and the developed concept provide the basis for the development of effective technologies, programs and techniques aimed at the formation of the legal competence among primary school students.

In the era of teacher education transformation, associated with the need to ensure that the training of future teachers meets the requirements of industry 4.0, the interest of the educational community in the formation, assessment and development of digital competences of students in the main professional educational programs of the enlarged group "Education and Pedagogical Sciences" is natural. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methodology of competence-based and situational approaches to assessing the digital competences of future teachers in the context of the transformation of teacher education. The objectives of the study are: 1. To substantiate the essence and specific features of the assessment of digital competences of future teachers based on competence-based and situational approaches. 2. To assess the level of formation of students’ digital competences based on the model of key competences of the digital economy and develop recommendations for improving the assessment of digital competences of future teachers. The leading research methods were: pedagogical modeling of the assessment of digital competences; study of normative legal acts in the field of higher education; analysis of local acts of educational organizations in the field of digital competences assessment; survey methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Vyatka State University. The experiment involved 104 students (II–IV courses) of bachelor's degree studies in the area of training "Pedagogical education". In general, the proposed approaches will make it possible to develop innovative solutions to improve the quality of teacher education in the context of its transformation. The research results obtained in the course of the study can be used by scientific and pedagogical workers of educational institutions of higher education, experts who provide an assessment of the digital competences of future teachers in the context of "blended" learning formats use, and also develop innovative solutions to improve the quality of teacher education in the context of its transformations.

The urgency of the problem under examination is caused by the need to update the content and procedures of external assessment of the quality of vocational education, an essential factor of which is the improvement of expert activity. Identifying the characteristics and potential of expert activity, determining its opportunities for the development of higher education, improving the quality of professional activity, personal and professional improvement of experts will significantly improve its quality. The purpose of the article is to justify the characteristics and potential of the expert activity in the field of external quality assessment of higher education, the identification of which will ensure the objectivity and high quality of this work, the maximum involvement of experts in this type of activity. The leading methods of research of the problem were: pedagogical modeling and design, theoretical analysis and generalization of educational practice of expert activity in the field of external assessment of the quality of education in a university (using the example of accreditation expertise), as well as methods of mathematical statistics, which made it possible to examine the potential of expert activity on the basis of analysis of its complex opportunities associated with the development of higher education, improving the quality of professional activities, personal and professional development of experts. The article reveals a set of theoretical provisions that determine the nature and specificity of the expert activity in the field of external quality assessment of higher education. The potential of expert activity in the field of assessing the quality of higher education in its external and internal aspects, its principles, content and procedure are determined based on the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education. It was studied on the basis of the opinion of qualified experts in the field of state accreditation of educational institutions and scientific organizations. The materials of the article can be useful for updating the expert activity in the field of external quality assessment of higher education in terms of both the methodology and the procedure for its implementation, taking into account the characteristics and potential of the expert activity, as well as in developing concepts for training experts in the field of external quality assessment of higher education.