Liubov V. Kapustina

The modern world focuses on improving the welfare of Russian citizens, which is impossible without a contribution to the development of human resources. It should be noted that the system of secondary vocational education (SVE) plays a significant role in the economic growth of the country. Therefore, it is important to create the right conditions for the functioning of this system and the training of highly qualified specialists who have a sufficient number of competences and skills to be competitive in the labor market. The purpose of our research was a historical analysis of secondary vocational education, the prerequisites for its emergence, development depending on the demands of the time, starting from the time of Kievan Rus and up to nowadays. It is the complete historical picture that makes it possible to compare tasks and their solutions, positive experience at different time intervals that allow us to select the best practices today. The realities of the modern world require taking into account high turbulence in all spheres of activity, the presence of hard and soft skills for the formation of preadaptive behavior among students in order to be successful in personal and professional spheres. Accordingly, the introduction of various professional skill competitions and championships, which was common in the Soviet Union, and active participation in them allows students to develop, evaluate their achievements, strive for the best. In addition, the system of dual training used in Soviet times is becoming more and more relevant today. Professionality in modern conditions makes it possible to shorten the period of training due to focus on practical work, as it was in the war and post-war time on the example of vocational schools and industrial factory schools. The analysis of the article is based on such methods as a theoretical review and examination of domestic and foreign literature on the problem of research and generalization of the experience of the SVE system functioning. Review of historical, socio-economic and pedagogical literature allowed us to assess how the demands of time had influenced on the development of the SVE system. It is concluded that a broad view on the historical situation makes it possible to use successful experience taking into account modern paradigms. As the results of the study, promising directions of the development of vocational education today are given: participation in the national program "Education", "Professionalism", the introduction of a dual training system, a demonstration exam and various professional skills competitions and championships.

An increasing number of scientists and experts claim that humanity will face a radical change in the economic and social structure in the near future, a new type of specialists will be needed for the new economy. The article examines the paradigms of modern society, namely the situation of uncertainty, digitalization, automation, sustainable development and crises threatening society, including climate catastrophe and the risk of mankind extinction. These modern realities contribute to the formation of the VUCA world (volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity), which, in turn, require the development of certain competences. Effective work in a situation of uncertainty presupposes preadaptive development – the ability to forecast future crises and the ability to prepare for them. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered changes in many areas of life and work. Thus, the skills of remote work and digital communications have become the most popular. Today, the most priority competences are technical and digital ones. The fourth industrial revolution is changing the landscape of many professions and blurring the lines between the digital, physical and biological worlds. Digital society and computerization are not possible without sustainable development, which implies studying the Earth's ecosystem and understanding the role of Humankind in it. Regenerative approaches that seek to reduce the damage from human activity are becoming the most significant. Remaining a part of nature, the regenerative economy actualizes the competences necessary for successful functioning in modern conditions. The article focuses on the formation of not only technical, but also "soft" competences, namely the understanding of innovation, environmental literacy, critical thinking, analytical skills, teamwork skills, ability to negotiate and exert influence, emotional intelligence, communication, leadership. Undoubtedly, modern realities pose challenges to the education system and dictate the need to introduce new methods and approaches to teaching and training of teaching staff. The new role of the teacher requires the development of innovative approaches to educational activities for the greatest effectiveness. The teacher is increasingly acting as a good conductor of the educational process. Consequently, it is necessary to develop modern competences and "correct" thinking – a set of views, worldviews and habits in order to form the desired professional behavior among teachers.

The socio-economic forecast of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 determines the priority directions in the transformation of the system of secondary vocational education (SVE) as the main driver of production. The implementation of innovative and forced trends is complicated by a number of barriers associated with a shortage of highly qualified specialists according to world criteria. This study focuses on the challenges faced by the system of secondary vocational education, namely: the social and age characteristics of students in vocational education institutions, their weak motivation to get a high-quality education. On the other hand, the qualifications of the teaching staff necessary for the implementation of modern educational programs are of concern. In addition, the information age makes adjustments to the educational process, dictating the requirements for its transformation and training of specialists with modern competences. The purpose of this study is to provide a scientific and practical justification of the problems faced by the SVE system and to study possible scenarios for their solution, which will allow timely and adequate response to changes in external conditions both in the labor market and in the field of technology. The article is based on the use of the following methods: a theoretical review and analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the problem of research, pedagogical observation and generalization of teaching experience in the SPO system. Based on the analysis of scientific and pedagogical, socio-economic and methodological literature, it is revealed that a necessary condition for improving the quality of the learning process is the professional development of the teaching staff of the vocational school. It is concluded that practice-oriented training in the form of a dual system is the highest priority, allowing the integration of theoretical and practical skills, which makes the educational process more multifaceted and comprehensive. Summarizing the results of the study, we have found promising directions for improving the quality of professional training of students in the form of organizing a demonstration exam that allows an independent expert assessment, as well as participation in competitions of various levels, while participation in the WorldSkills International and WorldSkills Russia professional skills championships is the driver of tomorrow's competences.

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that nowadays it is impossible to imagine teaching foreign languages without the use of digital technologies. Today, a large number of learning websites and CD-ROMs are offered to help teachers develop receptive (reading and listening) and productive (writing and speaking) competences. The use of such materials is an undeniable advantage in mastering foreign languages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific literature and identify the latest trends in the use of digital technologies when teaching foreign languages using learning websites. The methodological basis of the research is the analysis of scientific literature, as well as inductive and deductive methods of scientific knowledge. Comparative analysis helped analyze existing approaches to teaching foreign languages. The deductive method allowed, based on the conclusions of Russian and foreign scientists, to conduct our own research within the framework of the stated topic. The author of the study analyzed the content of some learning websites in order to identify new trends in their development that affect the teaching of foreign languages. The author of the paper comes to the conclusion that the use of the analyzed learning websites when teaching foreign languages has a number of advantages, and also reveals current trends in their development and use. The considered features of the use of digital technologies when teaching foreign languages on the material of learning websites contribute to a better understanding of the students’ needs and allow teachers to competently build a training trajectory in accordance with the tasks. This paper will be useful for foreign languages teachers, as it reflects the latest changes in the content and ways of using digital technologies when teaching foreign languages, as well as for young scientists who are just beginning their dissertation researches.

This paper is rather urgent because the task of increasing the efficiency of Russian higher education has acquired particular significance over the past few years due to globalization and various processes occurring in our economy. Today, Russia faces the challenges of creating competitive advantages both in world markets and in the global market for educational services in particular. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific literature on the research problem and to highlight the main trends observed today in higher education. The results of this research contribute to the further solution of a whole range of problems in the field of improving the efficiency of higher education. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of the literature on the problem of the development and application of modern learning technologies in higher educational institutions.