Keyword: «self-esteem»

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between self-esteem and the level of aspirations in the key period of personality formation – adolescents. A diagnosis was carried out to determine the self-esteem and level of aspirations among adolescents, and the results were analyzed. Based on the collected data, practical recommendations are given for the psychological and pedagogical support of adolescents and counseling of legal representatives.

This article is devoted to the study of the structure and characteristics of cognitive abilities in preschool children. The essence of the term «cognitive abilities» is considered as a synonym for cognitive, mental, and intellectual processes. The components of the cognitive sphere are analyzed in detail: sensation, perception, attention, memory, thinking, speech, and imagination. Special attention is given to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, as well as the factors influencing a child's mental development. The age-related characteristics of preschoolers are described, emphasizing the key role of play activities in the development of cognitive processes, the formation of self-awareness, and social self-esteem. In conclusion, the characteristics of cognitive development in primary school children are briefly discussed. The article may be useful for educators, psychologists, and parents involved in the development of preschool and primary school-aged children.