Keyword: «preschool age»

The events held within the framework of the Decade of Childhood in Russia are focused on creating favorable conditions for the harmonious development of children. Harmonious development is impossible without a constructive attention to the quality of the basic process in which the child is involved from preschool age - to the system of basic general education. Considering the first level of general education – preschool education, we note that the most important at this stage is the formation of personality traits in the child that allow him/her to participate in socially significant activities. These personality traits include initiative, independence, responsibility, mobility, the ability for self-realization and creativity. There is an obvious need to shift the main accent in preschool education from the teacher to the child, who would be able to accept or independently construct learning for the present task and solve it. At the same time, the solution of the learning task is not aimed at changing it itself, but at transforming the subject who solves it. Each subject can independently put his own meaning into the task itself and its solution. That is why the purpose of the article is to describe the technology of constructing learning tasks for preschool education programs. The authors of the article determine the methodological aspects of the formulation of tasks aimed at achieving educational results by preschoolers. By presenting such tasks formulations to children, the teacher sets certain goals for them and for himself/herself, the achievement of which contributes to the solution of other problems. The leading approach is the cognitive paradigm of education. As a result of this study, the authors considered approaches to learning, to the types of tasks to achieve them. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the contribution to the development of scientific ideas about the possibilities of constructing learning tasks in preschool education. The practical implementation of the technology of constructing learning tasks will create favorable conditions for the harmonious development of children in the system of preschool education.

The article reveals the current problem of anxiety in children of early preschool age. To identify the anxiety state in children, a testing method was used, and a questionnaire method was used to assess parents' child anxiety. Since non-coincidences were identified, then a long-term observation was carried out. A relatively young method of fairy tale therapy is considered as a tool for reducing the level of child anxiety. The article describes a study conducted in order to obtain data on the feasibility of using fairy tale therapy in dealing with anxiety in preschool children.

The key learning outcome of the main educational program of preschool education is the development of cognitive abilities of the pupil. The work for the development of cognition of a preschooler should be considered as a purposeful activity aimed at cognition of the surrounding reality on the basis of the formation of cognitive functions, such as perception, thinking, memory, attention, speech. Therefore, cognitive activity is the main one in cognitive classes in kindergarten. The result of all the system of cognitive activities should be the formation of cognitive functions in a preschooler. At the same time, we must take into consideration the requirements for the structure of a cognitive lesson and the choice of the main technology for this structure design. Reasoned discourse can be considered as the main technology of a cognitive lesson. The discourse allows organizing the student's active mental work both in the process of perceiving the teacher's argumentation and in the process of building his/her own reasoning strategy and forming arguments. On the other hand, the standard of preschool education and the successive standard of primary school education distinguish the task of mastering educational sign-symbolic means by students. The minimum set of these means is defined by the standards (substitution, modeling, encoding and decoding of information, logical operations, including general problem-solving techniques) and allows them to be included as a mandatory component in the lesson structure. That is why the purpose of the article is to describe the structure of a cognitive lesson based on the technology of reasoned discourse in preschool education. The authors of the article highlight the methodological aspects of formulating the tasks of cognitive activity, describe the content of cognitive actions in older preschoolers and characterize the significance of reasoned discourse in this process. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the identification of the structure of a cognitive lesson based on the technology of reasoned discourse in preschool education. The practical implementation of this structure will create favorable conditions for the development of the pupil's knowledge on the basis of the formation of the child's cognitive functions in the system of pre-school education. It can be assumed that this structure of a cognitive lesson can be considered in relation to the study of any topic in the educational process of a preschool educational organization.

The article considers the specifics of the implementation of early vocational guidance for preschoolers. Based on the analysis of state documents, educational practice, the specifics of the implementation of early vocational guidance for preschoolers at the present stage are presented. The specifics of the implementation of the system of early vocational guidance for preschoolers is determined by the system of preschool education and the system of additional education.

The article reveals the possibility of developing the speech of preschoolers through the game, as an effective method. A category of children with high, medium and low levels of speech development was identified according to the general education program "From Birth to School" edited by N. E. Veraksa. The results of a formative experiment with an average group of a preschool institution aimed at speech development are presented.